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HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THE STRATEGIES USED BY LOBENGULA TO RESIST EUROPEAN PENETRATION BETWEEN 1870 AND 1893? 1. The question requires a simple identification of the various strategies employed by Lobengula in response to the encroachment of Europeans onto his territory 2. The candidate should then measure the effectiveness of those strategies in resisting the Europeans 3. The most reasonable conclusion should be that those strategies completely failed in the long term because the European penetration continued to grow until colonisation was finally achieved in 1890 SOME OF LOBENGULA'S STRATEGIES INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING: 1. Granting mineral concessions to Europeans- Karl Mauch and Henry Hartley were granted a concession to mine for gold at Tati in 1870 (the Tati Concession, 1870). Thomas Baines was also granted a mineral concession in 1876. The most important of these was the Rudd Concession that was granted to Charles Rudd, Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson in their capacity as agents of Cecil Rhodes (the Rudd Concession, 1888) 2. Granting hunting concessions- European hunters like Frederick Selous and Henry Hartley were granted permission to hunt animas including big game like elephants which were highly prized for their ivory. They were even given permission to construct a road linking Mashonaland and Matabeleland in order to facilitate the transportation and movement of the hunters and their goods 3. Granting trading concessions- European traders like George Westbeech, Leask, Tainton and Philips were all granted trading concessions. Lobengula evidently hoped to control the influx of Europeans by granting these concessions to these few Europeans but this strategy clearly backfired as these Europeans went on to sell their concessions to the powerful Cecil Rhodes who consolidated them and used them together with his own Rudd Concession as a basis for requesting a Royal Charter from the British queen to enable him colonise Lobengula's kingdom on behalf of Britain 4. Granting land concessions- various groups of Europeans were granted land. First it was the missionary organisations such as the London Missionary Society who were granted land to open a second mission station at Hope Fountain in 1870. Powerful individuals like Edward Lippert also received land grants (the Lippert Concession, 1890). Lobengula's plan in granting the land concession was to make it difficult or impossible for Rhodes to operate his mineral concession without coming into conflict …